Cyber Torts And The Workplace - 2122 Words

Internet Abuse in the Workplace This is your introduction. If you need help writing this paper you can view the Writing Cyber-Torts in the Workplace A tort is recognized as conduct that results in an injury or damages that are legally recognized (Lau Johnson, 2014). Torts that occur on the Internet are referred to as cyber-torts. In the workplace, there are multiple cyber-torts that employees may commit, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Examples of such cyber-torts are cyber defamation, trespass to chattels, and conversion. Cyber-Defamation Cyber-defamation occurs when something is written about a company that is untrue and defamatory, meaning that it has the ability to damage the company’s reputation (Mew, 2013). Four major†¦show more content†¦Lastly, a company must have suffered damages from the defamation (Mew, 2013). It is important to note that damages caused by cyber-defamation do not necessarily have to be physical in nature; for example, if a company’s revenue decreases significantly after a cyber-defamation and the company can prove that the revenue decrease was a direct result of the defamation, this would be considered a damage to the company. Trespass to Chattels This tort was traditionally only applied to the physical trespassing of physical property until the year of 1996 (Quilter, 2002). In the case of Thrifty-Tel, Inc., v. Bezenek, two minors hacked into phone company Thrifty-Tel’s records and made it so that they were able to make long-distance calls for free (Quilter, 2002). When this case made it to the courtroom, the judge deemed that electronic signals and touches were able to â€Å"trespass† and get into the company’s records (Quilter, 2002). Also from this case, it was determined that occurrences such as having to pay employees for extra time (due to lack of productivity from hacking) and customer goodwill could be considered damages, even though they were not physical in nature (Quilter, 2002). Negligence In the workplace, negligence is a commonly occurring tort.

The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty Essay - 1576 Words

The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty reached unprecedented levels of progress by controlling equally vast lands and territories, utilizing ecological, economic and human resources, and consolidating power by the unification of their regimes under a common legal and cultural framework. The Roman Empire stretched from the present day British Isles to the present day Iraq and lasted five hundred years from 27 BC to 467 AD. The Han Dynasty dominated Asia from the Korean Peninsula to present day Vietnam and endured for over four hundred years from 206 BC to 220 AD. The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty were among the most advanced civilizations of the ancient world, prevailing over their respective areas, experiencing a higher standard of†¦show more content†¦The consuls still ruled each of their individual provinces but with limited decision-making power as the emperor had foremost power over the people. During the reign of Augustus in 27 BC, progressive political ideologies were instituted that allowed the Roman Empire to last for centuries. Augustus’s period of power was known as the â€Å"Pax Romana† and it was a time of peace and expansion into Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, Raetia, Africa, Germania and Hispania. Augustus strengthened the political organization of Rome through law and tax reform, protected borders and initiated building projects such as the Colosseum (Emmons, â€Å"Roman Empire†). Additionally, Augustus created networks of roads, police, fire, and courier systems, and a standing army. The relative freedom from conflict for such a lengthy period of time allowed Rome to prosper culturally, economically, and architecturally. The Empire reached its zenith under the rule of Emperor Trajan. The Roman territory extended 6.5 million km2 to the east including Dacia, Arabia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia, securing its greatest size to date after the general defeated the Dacians in three battles. Trajan accomplished p ublic projects including building aqueducts and public baths, repairing roads, and lengthening the port of Ostia (Levick, 151). Diocletian attempted an impressive legislative experiment by dividing the authority amongst four co-emperors during the late 3rd century AD to better control theShow MoreRelatedRoman Empire And Han Dynasty960 Words   |  4 PagesRoman Empire and Han Dynasty Comparison When comparing Han China and Roman Empire, many political, geographical, and religious similarities can be found, though many differences are also prevalent. Though Roman and Han political structures both emphasized bureaucracies, they came to them quite differently. 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Direct iron ore smelting process development Free Essays

Introduction The smelting decrease ( SR ) of Fe ore is an alternate natural stuffs treating method similar to the blast furnace. It begins with solid natural stuffs such as coal and Fe ore. The concluding merchandise of this procedure is a liquid Fe based stuff known as hot metal, or hog Fe when it is solidified. We will write a custom essay sample on Direct iron ore smelting process development or any similar topic only for you Order Now This terminal merchandise is the same as that generated by blast furnaces. Typical hot metal composings are about 4-4.5 % C, .3-1.5 % Si, .25-2.2 % manganese, .03-.08 % S, and.04-.2 % phosphoric. SR is the new age alternate to pig Fe production with the capableness of uninterrupted operation. The engineerings used in this procedure are similar to those used in both modern blast furnaces and conventional non-ferrous smelting operations. As developments in blast furnaces and non-ferrous smelters were made, such as the innovation of the Cu flash smelting engineering, developments were made in SR of Fe. Smelting Reduction Chemical reactions The natural stuffs used in SR are: pulverized Fe ore which consist of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 with remainders, powdered coal, limestone ( CaCO3 ) , and dolomitic limestone ( CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 ) . The transition of Fe ore into a liquid hot metal begins with the combustion of coal into C monoxide ( CO ) and H gas ( H2 ) which are the cardinal compounds for Fe decrease, equation 1. The C monoxide and H gas produced from the burning is used to get down the decrease of Fe ore by equation 2. The chemical reaction for regenerating the CO and H2 with coal from equation 2 merchandises is given by equation 3. Full decrease of the Fe ore is so shown by equations 4 and 5. Coal + ?O2 CO + H2 ( 1 ) 6Fe2O3 + CO +H2 4Fe3O4 + H2O + CO2 ( 2 ) 2C + CO2 + H2O 3CO +H2 ( 3 ) 2 Fe3O4 + CO + H2 6FeO + H2O + CO2 ( 4 ) 2FeO + CO + H2 Fe + H2O + CO2 ( 5 ) These reactions begin in the solid province ; nevertheless, as decrease series begins the reactions become liquid province. The limestone and dolomitic limestone are added as fluxes/slag agents. The adaptability of many of these procedures to utilize a assortment of coal chemical sciences without the coking measure is the most alone belongings of SR fuel over blast furnace fuel. This usage of coal alternatively of coke eliminates the demand for a coking furnace every bit good as the usage of lower class coal. Smelting Decrease Firsts Archaeological finds in Africa show a crude smelting decrease signifier dating back every bit early as 2500BC. These ancient craftsmen would cut down Fe ore utilizing coke by blowing air into a shaft furnace. Martin Wiberg of Sweden every bit good as W. and E. Engell of Denmark began look intoing the smelting decrease procedure in 1938. However, much of the impulse in smelting decrease was lost between the 1950 ‘s and 70 ‘s due to progresss in the solid province decrease procedure known as DRI ( direct reduced Fe ) and in blast furnace engineering. It is of import to observe that without the air separation engineering conceived during the Second World War SR would non be executable. By 1981 the first SR pilot works was constructed in Germany based off the COREX design construct. In 1988 the first all-out SR installation was constructed based off the same pilot works at the site of a old blast furnace. Smelting Reduction Reactor Types Three chief SR convertor types exist: the shaft convertor procedure, a two phase chemical procedure, and the intercrossed procedure. Both the shaft convertor procedure and the two phase procedure usage chemical energy for the decrease. However, the two phase procedure differs from the shaft procedure by implementing two transition Chamberss, a solid province chamber followed by a liquid province chamber. The intercrossed procedure is the most alone because it gets energy parts from chemical reactions and electrical current. Of these three types merely two procedures have been put into operation in all-out installations, the COREX procedure and the HIsmelt procedure. The COREX procedure was the first all-out SR installation as antecedently mentioned. This procedure is a two phase procedure. The first phase in decrease is the solid province reaction and natural stuffs preheating subdivision. Off gas from the 2nd phase is used to cut down and preheat in the first phase. As the ore transforms into a liquid it moves to the 2nd convertor phase where the liquid province decrease is completed. The COREX procedure has three theoretical accounts, the C-1000, 2000, and 3000. Primary differences between the theoretical accounts are the production capablenesss. The C-1000 installed in 1988 has a day-to-day production capableness of 1000 dozenss of hot metal. The C-2000 will bring forth 2000 tons/day ; it presently has 4 operating workss with the first installed in S. Korea, 1995. [ 2 ] The C-3000 is the newest installation with one works located in China. The SR furnace was installed in 2007 and has a day-to-day production capableness of 4000 dozenss of hot metal [ 7 ] . Figure 2 is an image of the C-3000 works. The HIsmelt was the 2nd SR procedure to go full production. Pilot proving of this procedure began in 1982. The procedure is a uninterrupted shaft transition furnace. [ 2 ] HIsmelt implements many engineerings presently used in non-ferrous smelting like uninterrupted stuffs feed by spears into the liquefied bath and H2O cooled furnace panels. [ 5 ] The full graduated table works which was built in 2003 was a 400 million dollar undertaking between RioTinto, Nucor, Mitsubishi, and Shougang coprorations. The works is located in Western Australia. [ 9 ] This procedure can utilize the off gas for multiple applications such as fuel for electrical power coevals or preheating the provender stuff. A elaborate position of the reactor vas. Additional SR procedure which are non presently commercialized include: direct Fe ore smelting ( DIOS, two phase reactor ) , AISI ( two phase reactor ) , and IDI ( intercrossed SR ) . Although SR procedures do non implement coke furnaces the coal demands remain similar holding small consequence on environmental emanations. Decision SR is an progressing engineering capable of continuously bring forthing hot metal similar to a blast furnace with a wider scope of coal type. This natural stuffs flexibleness is a great advantage to SR. The riddance of the coking furnace lessenings project capital ; although, it has small impact on environmental emanations. SR has many great properties which makes it a competitory option to blare furnaces. Mentions [ 1 ] LIFE. ( n.d. ) . Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao Visits Australia. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.life.com/image/57232194 [ 2 ] Chatterjee, A. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Blast Furnace. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [ 3 ] Miller, T. W. , Jimenez, J. , Sharan, A. , A ; Goldstein, D. A. ( 1998 ) . Steelmaking and Refining, Oxygen Steelmaking Processes. In R. J. Fruehan, A ; 11 ( Ed. ) , The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel ( pp. 489-490 ) . Pittsburgh: The AISI Steel Foundation. [ 4 ] Davis, M. P. , Dry, R. J. , A ; Schwarz, M. P. ( 2003 ) . Flow Simulation of the HISMELT Process. Third International Conferance on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries ( pp. 305-311 ) . Melbourn, Australia: CSIRO. [ 5 ] HIsmelt. ( n.d. ) . HIsmelt- The Technology. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hismelt.com/EN/HT_PageView.aspx? pageID=8 # [ 6 ] Shalimov, A. G. ( 200 ) . The COREX Process for Making High-Quality Steels at Mini-Mills. Metallurgist, 44, 35-39. [ 7 ] Environment Engineering Solution. ( n.d. ) . Environment-friendly Corex procedure of Fe and steel devising. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //environmentengineering.blogspot.com /2008/02/environment-friendly-corex-process-of.html [ 8 ] Siemens. ( n.d. ) . Siemens AG – Pictures. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //w1.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/ ? press=/en/presspicture/2008/corporate_communication/media_summit_2008/soaxx200803-08.htm [ 9 ] Outotec. ( n.d. ) . HIsmelt undertaking in Western Australia. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.outotec.com/pages/Page____7775.aspx? epslanguage=EN [ 10 ] Changqing, H. , Xiaowei, H. , Zhihong, L. , A ; Chunxia, Z. ( 2009 ) . Comparison of CO2 Emission Between COREX and Blast Furnace Iron-Making System. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Supplement, 116-120. How to cite Direct iron ore smelting process development, Essay examples